Frontline: Camera and Current Affairs Programs

How do the creators of â€Å"Frontline† convey the main issues in the text? The truth in the media is a subjective commodity which is often sensationalized, fabricated and manipulated for a number of reasons. Therefore, realistically the media only represents certain facets of the truth to suit their purpose and context. Rob Sitch’s Frontline is a satirical examination of current affairs programs and explores the media’s selective dissemination of information to construct the desired truth. Though being disturbingly accurate in their sarcastic attack on the deceit and hypocrisy of the media, the producers of Frontline use wit and parody to challenge the reliability of the media and such concepts are explored through a number of film techniques in episodes such as ‘The Siege’ and ‘Add sex and stir’ The commercial nature of the media dictates that the content of the broadcast must rate well and be profitable. The episode ‘The Siege’ exemplifies the commercial nature of current affairs programs and re-emphasizes the media’s potential to regard the truth as a subjective commodity to further gain higher ratings. Frontline seeks little more than authenticity to convince their audience that they are a credible resource. In ‘The Siege’ Rob Sitch blurs the boundary between fiction and reality, through illustrating a story based on a real incident which occurred in 1994 making it harder to discern the truth. Frontline pursues a story about a father who has held his children hostage during a custody battle. This episode exposes the true nature of journalism and the unethical practices that the media undertakes to win the ratings war. Marty ironically says ‘you’ve crossed the line mate’, this pretense of ethics is juxtaposed with ‘you beauty’ when he realizes that it was the Frontline team itself that got through to interviewing the gunman. Marty further sensationalizes and exaggerates the truth by wearing a flak jacket and crouching down to make it appear that he is in a dangerous situation, when in reality he is five kilometers away from the danger zone. Through the use of dialogue ‘How about if I crouch down like this? To make it look like I’m in danger’ Marty illustrates his blatant disregard for the truth thus emphasizing the importance of appearance and ratings over the depiction of the truth within the media. Brooke further epitomizes the media’s motives through the use of incongruity in the dialogue ‘Mrs. Forbes do you have any nine volt batteries? ’ Such dialogue accentuates Brooke’s superficiality as she is not at all concern ed about Mrs. Forbes feelings. The camera close up of Brooke’s exceedingly concerned facial expression when she interviews Mrs. Forbes is juxtaposed with Mrs. Forbes misery and Brooke’s deception when she asks – ‘would you be able to cry again Mrs. Forbes? ’ The on and off camera persona evidently shows that the truth is subverted by the media to construct a desired representation, portraying the truth to be a subjective commodity. The media’s relentless pursuit of higher ratings to ensure commercial success plays a significant role in determining the representation of the truth they present to their audience. The episode ‘Add sex and Stir’ epitomizes the media’s selective dissemination of information to construct a desired truth, thus exemplifying truth to be a subjective commodity. Frontline pursues a story about the unfair dismissal of a sportswoman who is supposedly dropped from the team because she is not gay. Although Brooke acknowledges that the sportswoman was dropped from the team because of poor form, she decides to portray the misleading sex angle of the story in the pursuit for higher ratings to ensure Frontline’s commercial success. Frontline’s clean crisp picture quality, still camera and immaculate sets gives a sense of professional respectability and authority to create a sense of credibility. Rob Sitch employs caricature to emphasize the potential for the media to regard the truth as a subjective commodity to gain more ratings. Sitch satirizes the limited value that the media places on the truth through Brooke’s satirical comment ‘Well there’s a lead story, Stu, lead player dropped due to bad form, out breaking. ’ The truth is further manipulated through filming Brooke’s nods separately and out of context which further amplifies their falsity, emphasizing her lack of integrity. Brooke completely distorts the truth through creating a re-enactment, in which the story is further exaggerated through the steamy atmosphere in the girls change rooms, demonstrating that it is sleaze that sells rather than the truth. The dramatic background music in the re-enactment further satirizes the media’s pursuit for higher ratings, portraying that the media’s ‘essential objective is profit, rather than saving the world’ Chris Masters (ABC correspondent). Through this it is clearly evident that the truth to the media is a subjective commodity that can often be manipulated, fabricated and sensationalized for a number of reasons.

How Does Walker’s Use of Imagery and Symbolism?

In â€Å"The Colour Purple,† Alice Walker uses symbolism, and imagery to affect the reader’s interpretation of the novel through very complex themes of religious influence, oppression and emotion developed from these literary devices. This has a profound influence on the reader’s interpretation of the novel as it suggests certain opinions and points of view to them as well as giving them deeper insight to the emotions of the protagonist In â€Å"The Colour Purple† a strong theme of religious influence and interpretation is developed through use of symbolism and imagery.The fact that the letters are initially addressed to God, an entity in whom the protagonist strongly believes, has a significant symbolic impact on the novel. When Celie’s mother asks where her child came from she says â€Å"Its God’s† when clearly, it is her father’s child. The elliptical choice of â€Å"God† as the father of the baby is symbolic, and show s that the power her Pa wields over her makes him a God-like figure to her. This is ironic the semantic field of the word â€Å"God† holds connotations of an all-powerful and infinitely benevolent entity.The irony of this is that whilst the true father of the baby, her â€Å"Pa†, holds a great deal of power over her, he is portrayed as anything but benevolent. If anything, he is more like Satan as he is seemingly the source of all the deplorable aspects of her life. This evokes a great deal of pathos from the reader and also antipathy towards her father. This clearly Illustrates for the reader who the protagonist and antagonists of the novel are Later in the novel, this symbolism is continued as the protagonist’s perception of God is explored through her dialogue with Shug Avery.Soon after discovering that her sister is still alive, she becomes frustrated and against the idea of praising God, exclaiming â€Å"What God do for me? † This is a typical reacti on of people who have suffered in life to the concept of God. This anger she feels towards God for letting her suffer so much is a manifestation of all the anger she feels towards all the people who have wronged her in life. This further manifests itself when she decides, â€Å"She don’t write God no more† as she blames him for giving her a hard life.She also decides that God is a man, something that is of extreme significance as Celie attributes all of her life’s troubles and problems to men, and their mistreatment of her. She confesses to Shug Avery that she sees God as â€Å"Big and old and tall and greybearded and white† This perception of God is a fairly common one, along with the â€Å"white robed† and â€Å"barefooted† idea. Then Shug outlines her perceptions of God, and church, ideas that are not so common. Her ideas are extremely interesting; she says she never found God in church, and any God she found she â€Å"brought in† with her.The effect this has on the reader forms very strong empathy with the protagonist, as the thoughts she is having are very relatable. It also makes the reader question their own perceptions of God, thus making this novel seem to be a very philosophical one. With Shug’s help, Celie comes to see that God isn’t a bearded white man, he is â€Å"Everything†, he is in nature, people, the sky and all that is good. This is most strongly illustrated in the final letter of the book which she addresses â€Å"Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, sear peoples.Dear everything. † The syntax of those sentences as a list illustrates further that she sees God in everything that is good and beautiful. This shows that she has come back to God and her perceptions have changed dramatically. This symbolises the end of a journey as Celie comes to accept God once more and it also symbolises that fact that she has moved on with her life and is finally happy. She†™s also This creates more empathy from the reader who feels joy for the protagonist as well as showing that she has overcome her hardships.Overall this idea of a journey creates a sense of this being a very biographical novel. The fact that it is in epistolary form makes the novel much more personal and relatable for the reader. When Celie leaves Mr. __ she finds her inner self and gains a lot more personality. At the beginning of the novel, she never mentions her emotions, just physical feelings. This is symbolic of the fact that in her oppression, she was just surviving rather than living. She was very much a shell, her body existed but her inner spirit was suppressed greatly.The first time emotions are brought in are when Celie discovers that her sister is still alive. Her break from oppression to become her own person is symbolised by the pants. The making of pants is theraputic for her, she claims she â€Å"aint been able to stop† after she started. This is the first t hing shes ever chosen to do herself so they are symbolic of her newfound independence. Also in that society, pants were considered to be a men’s item of clothing, so the wearing of pants by Celie and Shug is symbolic of their fight against sexism and the patriarchal society.The fact that she starts to make money from the pants furthers the idea of independence. The effect on the reader of this is it gives an idea of this being a very political novel and being about a struggle for freedom. The colour purple is a regal colour representative of affluence and the good things in life created by God for the people to enjoy. At the beginning of the beginning of the book, Celie has no sense of the colour purple, she has a terrible life in which she is just surviving rather than really living. The lack of emotion at the beginning clearly shows this.As a result, she doesn’t have the capacity to sense the colour purple, she cant appreciate the simple beauty of life and nature as her conditions are so oppressive that she cant see any good. Shug helps her to see the good in life when she shows Celie that God is in everything and telling her to â€Å"relax, go with everything that’s going and praise God by liking what you like. † This overall analysis of God and the form In which he exists prompts the reader to question their own view on God, especially the way in which society depicts him and his laws.

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid The absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an indicator solution at varying pH, and varying concentration, allowing for a Beer-Lambert plot to be constructed. This was then used to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and hence concentration, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid. Introduction Surfactants are molecules which are able to form a surface across a liquid, and stop the interaction of foreign molecules with the solution without interacting with these molecules first. These are extremely useful since they often contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic aspect, which interact differently to different molecules. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of paper, textiles and construction among others.[1] They are the main ingredient of detergents and they allow non-polar molecules to dissolve in polar molecules, such as oil into water. On the surface of the liquid, the surfactant will inter act slightly differently. It will create a surface of hydrophobic ‘tails’. This will stop polar molecules from entering the liquid, since the liquid will appear to be a poor solution for the polar molecule to interact with. They also increase decrease tension of the liquid.[4] This barrier is expected to stop the acetic acid, used in part 3 of the experiment, interacting with the water solvent. If it does interact, the pH of the solution will lower due to acetic acids presence, and the indicator will show a change in colour. If no acetic acid enters the solution, no change should be observed or measured. Experimental Using de-ionised water, a reference light intensity was recorded. A 250ml solution (1) of 0.005% wt bromocresol green was then prepared, and absorbance was measured. 100ml was removed, and the pH adjusted using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid, and absorbance was noted at pH’s between 3-6 at 0.3 increments. 50ml of remaining solution (1) was further diluted to solutions of 0.0025%, 0.00125%, 0.000625% and 0.0003125% concentration. Spectroscopic analysis of these concentrations was made, and a Beer Lambert graph plotted. A solution of unknown concentration was then spectroscopically analysed and it’s approximate concentration determined. This solution was then enclosed in a container with acetic acid, and spectroscopic readings taken every 30 seconds. This was repeated with fresh solution, with the addition of 0.2ml of octan-1-ol to the surface of the cuvette. Results The results for the pH change showed a curve, going from lower pH on the left to high pH on the right. This is a more quantifiable way of showing that as the Bromocresol turned blue at higher pH. This shows absorption toward the end of the spectrum of lower energy, (ie higher wavelength). So as pH increased, the absorbance of Bromocresol at 632nm increased too as it became blue. The next aspect of the experiment was to analyse how concentration affected the absorbance of Bromocresol green. As concentration of bromocresol green was altered, it was possible to draw a Beer-Lambert plot detailing how the absorption of the light changed with concentration of the Bromocresol Green. As would be expected, there is a straight line relationship between Bromocresol concentration and Absorbance except at higher concentrations, where the solution plateaus and becomes non-linear. Excluding this end point it is possible to derive the gradient, and hence the value of ?L. This was determined to be 36600.

Economy in India Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economy in India - Term Paper Example I, in this paper, discuss the economy of India through exploring the country’s macroeconomic indicators. Economic indicators Macroeconomics defines larger aspects of an economy. The factors are comprehensive and affect overall state of an economy with diversified effects on all stakeholders in the economy. Examples of macroeconomic factors that offer a basis to reviewing the economy of India are domestic gross product, unemployment, inflation, consumer price index, foreign direct investment, and international trade (Dwivedi). Gross domestic product Gross domestic product is the monetary value of the amount of goods and services that a country produces within an economic period, normally a year. It indicates productivity level of an economy and shows derivable benefits from the output. An economy with high gross domestic product can therefore be associated with positive prospects and increasing trend in the value identifies a growing economy that can offer investment opportunit ies and utilities among its citizens (Dwivedi 55). India’s gross domestic product is estimated at about $ 1867 billion, a value that is comparatively high. Prospects in the gross domestic product can however be understood from its trend. ... By April 2013, the country’s gross domestic product was estimated at $ 1867.4 billion, more than twice its value in 2005 and the constant trend predict continued expansion. This means that India’s economy has growth potentials and is therefore a viable economy for investment. The increasing productivity also means availability of commodity for utilities and employment opportunities (Exim Bank, 1). Closer evaluation of the country’s gross domestic product by the economy’s major sectors identifies service industry as the major contributor of the country’s output as it accounts for more than 50 percent of India’s gross domestic product. Industrial sector follows it before the agricultural sector and its associated activities. A time series trend in the sectors over the past eight years also offers significant insight into India’s economy. The percentage contribution by the agricultural sector has been decreasing while percentage contribut ion from the service sector has been increasing with significantly constant percentage contribution from the industrial sector. The agricultural sector and its allied activities generated more than 18 percent of the country’s gross domestic product in the year ended 2006 but the value reduced steadily to record about 14 percent in the year 2013. Contribution from the service industry however increased from less that 54 percent in the year ended 2006 to 58.4 percent in the year ended 2013 and this shows a shifting trend from agricultural activities to the service industry (Exim Bank, 1). Another significant feature of the economy’s gross domestic product is the consumption and its trend. Private sector is the major consumer of the economy’s output and its consumption rate has a steadily increasing trend.

The J.C. Penney Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The J.C. Penney Case - Assignment Example Having said the above, it would also be stressed that the fact that the components of the new business model worked together did not necessarily mean that they could achieve the goal for which they were set. It cannot also be said that the components could lead to the expected results of the company. The lapses came because there were some key components that were missing from what was institutionalized. More specifically, the new business model had eliminated the role of customers as there was no market research leading up to the implementation of the model. Meanwhile, customers have been identified as very important stakeholders in the success of any business model (Ofek & Avery, 2012).One major deficiency that can be seen from the administration of Johnson is that its business model was totally disjointed from its pricing strategy. As a matter of fact, the aggressive sales expert team that was institutionalized as a result of the new business model could have functioned best if th ere were specific promotions they were championing. The business model was however brought in place after the old pricing strategy which was the high-low pricing strategy had been scrapped. This created a total disconnect between the business model and the pricing strategy because there was virtually no promotion in place for the sales experts to pursue. Meanwhile, the customer base of the company had repeated given signal to the fact that it preferred to have promotional sales in place.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Marketing - Essay Example Marketing can be considered both a science and an art. Marketing is a science because there are many marketing tools that required the use of the scientific method. There are many different marketing theories and concepts that must be learned to understand the science of marketing. Marketing can be viewed as an art because marketing tools such as advertising require the use of imagination and creativity. There are many different marketing challenges and opportunities companies face today. A great opportunity is the rise of mobile advertising. Marketers can utilize the rising popularity of smartphones such as the iPhone to deliver marketing ads to mobile users. There are over 4.7 billion cellular users worldwide. A marketing challenge corporations are facing today is the rising cost of marketing through the traditional channels which are television, radio, and the press. DQ2 A trend that I have noticed in the macro-environment is the use of marketing board signs using screen technolog y that are capable of changing electronic messages. These boards are tremendous marketing tools that can be used to serve the needs of multiple clients. One of the hottest trends in the retail industry is the growing popularity of ecommerce. The internet has become a great mechanism to achieve sales. In 2010 in the United States ecommerce generated $147 billion in sales. Another trend in the marketing field is the growing use of diversity to obtain greater marketing results. Since the internet has become more popular than ever before companies are using aggressive online marketing strategies to achieve sales growth. DQ3 The three videos are no longer available due to copyright infringement violations. I believe that innovation can be obtained by listening to the customers. The ideas and feedback from the customers can be incorporated into the product design phase. The R&D department should perform primary research to evaluate the needs of the customers. 4. The marketing function whi ch I consider acts similarly to art is advertising. Marketers have to be creative just like artists in their creation of commercials. Creating characters is a great way to catch the imagination of the customers. The insurance giant Geico created the Gecko character which is used in a series of television commercials. Marketing is a science evidenced by the fact that there exist thousands of books and articles written on the academic subject. Marketing is taught as an academic discipline across the world. Marketing is one the seven branches of business administration. 5. The philosophy followed by Mr. Ishisaka at Toyota makes a lot of sense. It is imperative to listen to the customers in order to create products that the market will accept. Toyota does a lot of research to determine how to best serve their clientele. I do not think that Toyota lost track of the customer in relation to their recent problems. The quality control problems that cause the defective brakes are something th at was not foreseen by the company. It is possible that the firm became too confident and as consequence the company quality standards deteriorated. The company would never intentionally put the lives of its customers at risk. 6. In your response you mentioned that marketing is not selling. Marketing might not be selling, but selling is one of the most important aspects of marketing. Accountants are not responsible for the sales of the company, but marketers are. The success of a lot of marketing initiates is measured in terms of how much revenues were generated due to the marketing initiative. To justify an ad campaign the marketer has to convince the manager that the project will increase the revenues of the company. Marketing has other important functions such as servicing the needs of the customers. 7. Marketing is a science because it analyzes information using models, theories, and concepts. The use of marketing can help a company increase its brand value. Branding enables com panies to achieve higher sales at better profit margins. A product that has brand

Passion and Personal Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passion and Personal Growth - Essay Example The prospect of commerce being traded on a global scale entails interacting with people of varying backgrounds and cultures that on an interpersonal level holds a great deal of fascination for me. The reporter highlights that "every person is a complex entity whose perspectives regarding spirituality, self-image, groups of individuals, nature and all other things in life are unique. Mentally bonding with other souls has given me a deep appreciation of the importance of human contact and has allowed me to grow as a person. Long-term relationships and brief conversations in varying situations have shaped my personality and my view of my existence. I often consider how much different I would be; my viewpoint on life altered and thought patterns dissimilar than to what they are presently if not for my passion for people. Certainly, it has provided me a more tolerant viewpoint of other people’s culture and circumstances. It has opened my mind to accept the vast diversities inherent in the human experience and accept the fact that everyone is on their own unique path of learning. I will continue to learn from each person while I briefly cross their path with my own and hope t hat they will benefit in some way from crossing mine as well. Progress or grow in life, socially, professionally and personally depends on the quality of social interactions. Hearing instead of listening or easily dismissing another’s thoughts through their words and actions diminishes the capacity for personal knowledge and growth. I believe that by allowing differing opinions to permeate into one’s existing realm of knowledge and perspective can only enhance the human experience. What is absorbed by the conscious mind affects subconscious reactions."

The constructivist philosophy in the modern pedagogy Essay

The constructivist philosophy in the modern pedagogy - Essay Example Application Summary The following essay is focused on the constructivist philosophy and its significance in terms of contemporary education. The essay will review the constructivist philosophy and its complementary technology that has become popular in the modern pedagogy. The constructivist curriculum exemplifies futuristic and flexible technology tools. Web 2.0 tools strengthen the constructivist curriculum by providing it the most efficient technology tools to address cognitive needs of analyzing, interpretation and inquiry. This third wave is still undergoing a change, which may bring about more possibilities and more accomplishments in the field of education. This metacognitive philosophy will be utilized as an instrument of change for constructing a constructivist technology centered system. In order to provide an analysis of constructivist academic activities and make an evaluation of effective teaching technologies, statistics and research must be perused. This project will provide an analysis and evaluation through the author’s wiki page and power point presentation. The effectiveness of ineffectiveness of the constructivist educational activities can be shown through both modern means of technology. The author predicts a successful analysis of constructivist pedagogy. The evaluation of the analysis of constructivist pedagogy will be based on the author’s analysis. Hopefully, the evaluation will be successful, but the possibility of ineffectiveness will be considered.

Unit III Assessment #2 Systemic Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit III Assessment #2 Systemic Effects - Essay Example Delhi recorded hypertension in 36.1% lifetime nonsmokers living in the city compared to the 9.5% of rural controls. The dominance of hypertension increased with increase in age. Despite the great prevalence, severity of hypertension was higher in the urban subjects. There was a record of 15.4% less severe stage 1 hypertension having systolic blood pressure of 140 to 159 mm Hg and more severe stage 2 hypertension in comparison with 6.1% and 0.9% of the rural controls having stage 1 and stage 2 systolic hypertension respectively. Stage 1 and stage 2 90 to 99 and greater than 100 mm Hg hypertension prevailed in 23.4% and 10.0% of Delhi citizens in contrast with 4.4% and 0.8% of control subjects correspondingly. An important and positive association transpired between the PM levels in Delhi’s air, the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in Spearman’s correlation experiment. Particulate air toxins along with lifestyle are great contributors of the prevalence of hypertension in Delhi. The elderly and those with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases are at high risks of death due to air pollution. Surprisingly, air pollution causes more deaths through cardiovascular diseases compared to the respiratory diseases, which are more associated with pollution of air. Hypertension prevailed in a high percentage among the lifetime nonsmokers, which increased with increase in age. Those in urban areas had less severe stage 1 hypertension and more severe stage 2 hypertension compared to those in rural stage 1 and stage 2 systolic hypertension (Gurjar, Molina, & Ojha,

Regional Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regional Paper - Essay Example This trend of regional integration, irrefutably, posts opportunities for business organizations and gives birth to multinational companies. The formation of free trade zones and regional blocs irrefutable lowers the cost of business operation because generally, it encourages countries to attract the inflow of foreign direct investments through tax holidays and other financial incentives. It should be noted that this practice is very common especially in developing countries where foreign direct investment is viewed as a way to curb unemployment, increase local competition, enhance the efficiency of the domestic industry players and stimulate the whole economy. Regional integration also opens doors for other business activities through joint venture, licensing, franchising, and others. Regional integration also posts opportunities of costs savings to business organizations. Through trade blocs, companies are also able to take advantage of lower input costs of certain materials which can be readily imported from other countries since tariffs and quotas are eliminated. It should also be noted that globalization also made possible the transfer of service from one country to another. Coupled with the rapid development and wide popularity of the internet and other advance technologies, business organizations are able to lower their costs of operation by outsourcing various back-office services from countries which have relatively lower wage requirements but with a pool of skilled workforce. Through business process outsourcing, companies enhance their profitability by incurring lower operational expenses while enabling them to focus on their major activities and core competencies. The North American Free Trade Agreement is a regional bloc with members including Canada, Mexico, and United States (North American Free Trade Agreement 2006). It is apparent that the countries comprising this regional bloc present different stages of economic development. During the time of integration, the United States is already recognized as one of the economic superpowers in the world with its high level of GDP and wages. The United State's largest sector in the economy is the services which employs almost 75% of the entire population (US Department of State 2007). Similarly, Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations with its high per capita income. This country has been growing rapidly in the past years with low unemployment rate and large government surpluses on the federal level. The country has remarkably maintained the best economic performance in the G8 since the recession in 2001. It should be noted that Canada is the second largest nation in the world next to the United States (US Department of State 2007). Mexico, in comparison, lags behind its trade partners in terms of economic performance. Even though it recently manages to improve its income, Mexico still suffers from the large disparity of income between the upper and lower social classes. Compared to its trading partners, the country has a far lower wage rate (US Department of State 2007). With its establishment in the 1994, this agreement has brought numerous developments in each of the countries' business sector. For one,

Main Pollutants emitted by vehicle Engines Essay Example for Free

Main Pollutants emitted by vehicle Engines Essay The hydroxyl radical then reacts with nitrogen dioxide and oxidises it to nitrate ions. The superoxide ion reacts with nitrogen monoxide to form nitrate ions. NO2 + OH H+ + NO3- NO + O2- NO3- These nitrates are then either washed away or absorbed by the blocks to form stable compounds. The crystals also catalyse the reaction because the surface of the block holds together the reactants. This increases the concentration of the reactants. Figure 2: NOX removal by titanium oxide crystals. x Three-way Catalytic Converters A three-way catalytic converter oxidises carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and reduces the levels of nitrogen oxides. It does this by creating the right conditions for reactions of these emissions to occur. The air to fuel ratio must be carefully controlled as oxygen is needed for the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Oxygen sensors are fitted in engines with a three-way catalyst. Figure 3: The three-way catalyst system. xi Three-way catalysts are designed to produce more desirable reactions and less undesirable reactions. Desirable reactions reduce the harmful emissions from the car exhaust. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen oxides react with carbon monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The products are already present in the Earths atmosphere. 2CO + O2 2CO2 C7H16 + 11O2 8H2O + 7CO2 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 xii Three-way catalytic converters contain the stoichiometric fuel mixture. This means that the catalysts have the right amount of oxygen to combust the fuel and react with the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Three-way catalysts also contain ceria, which stores oxygen when the mixture is lean, and releases it when the mixture is rich. This gives optimum conversion of pollutants because as the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are absorbed onto the catalysts surface, the oxygen stored by the ceria oxidises them even if there is not enough oxygen in the air to fuel ratio. xiii The future Scientists still have problems that need to be solved to reduce harmful vehicle emissions. One problem that needs to be addressed is how to prevent harmful exhaust emissions when the catalyst is still warming up. There are several ways that this could be dealt with, including operating the catalysts at lower temperatures and also heating the catalyst before the engine is started. xiv Scientists also need to develop a system that is able to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engines. There are several ideas on how to go about this, including using ammonia in the exhaust, but nothing has yet been developed.  http://www.nutramed.com/environment/carsepa.htm

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay According to the science of psychology one’s behavior needs to follow a certain criteria in order to be deemed â€Å"normal†. If one’s behavior does not match the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesirable and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a person’s behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and abnormal. Whilst defining the â€Å"normality† of ones behavior physiologists need to be careful to remain objective and as free of any bias as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In order to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of ideal mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists; this is the list she came up with: * Positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity * Personal growth and development * Ability to cope with stressful situations (integration) * Autonomy and independence * Accurate perception of reality * Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships. Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria then ones behavior can be deemed abnormal as a result of an existing problem. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the determination of ones â€Å"normality† of behavior. However the problem with Jahoda’s ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the observer’s judgment, therefore presenting a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no person can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that according to Jahoda every person is abnormal. Another way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is done by observing ones actions in public and seeing how normal it is. For example if you see someone wearing a bikini/swim trunks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures have different norms. Not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80’s is not necessarily acceptable today. Abnormality of one’s behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. Meaning how common ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If one’s behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore â€Å"normal†, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in society is abnormal. The problem with this system is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other words this system claims that both low and high IQ’s are an abnormality that need to be treated. Physiologists and others interested in â€Å"normality†, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as â€Å"inadequate in life† they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to only one. This is their list: * Suffering * Maladaptiveness (danger to self) * Vividness unconventionality (stands out) * Unpredictably loss of control * Irrationality/incomprehensibility * Causes observer discomfort * Violates moral/social standards The possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics is the fact that â€Å"normal† people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smoking, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very difficult to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias will always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult multiple schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis. Bibliography * Class handout â€Å"abnormal?† Mrs campion. * DefiningAbnormality. AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174252/DefiningAbnormality. * Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html.

British Trade Unions Experienced Rapid

British Trade Unions Experienced Rapid British trade unions experienced rapid membership growth in the 1970s, followed by a severe membership decline in the 1980s and 1990s and a subsequent stabilisation in membership numbers in the period since 2000. Critically evaluate the various economic, political, industrial and internal union factors which may have influenced these fluctuations; then assess, (with supporting evidence), whether British trade union membership is likely to grow or decline in the next five years. This essay will critically evaluate the various factors which influenced the re-curing decline and increase of the British trade unions from the 1970s to 2000. This essay will also analyse the decline and growth of the trade unions in the next five years. The real beginning of British trade unionism was established by craftsmen in the late eighteenth century who called themselves Friendly Societies. They focus on the individual employee or member by providing services, advice and representing individuals (Simms Charlwood, 2010). Trade union is any organisation, whose membership consists of employees, which seeks to organise and represent their interests both in the workplace and society and, in particular, seeks to regulate the employment relationship through the direct process of collective bargaining with management (Salamon, 2000). Trade Unions are central to employee relations in Britain and other countries. They have suffered loss of membership and other challenges throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Hollinshead et al (2003) states that trade Union membership increased during the 1960s and 1970s from (9.8million in 1960 to 13million in 1979). This was due to the growth in the public sector and white -collar work. Although the decline in trade union membership since 1979 has been among manual employees in the manufacturing sector, union membership suddenly change towards non-manual and public sector employees (Simms Charlwood , 2010). The sustained decline in membership in 1980s and 1990s was due to the int eractions among the composition of the workforce and Jobs, the roles of the state, employers and individual workers and of unions own structure and policies (Gall, 2004). These factors which attributed to the decline in membership will be studied separately but also recognize that there is a considerable interaction among them. On the measure of economic influence on unions due to the Global trade in developed countries, combined with the rapid technological change, have had important impacts in other countries including Britain (Freeman, 1995). Industrialization in other countries has had a massive impact on British trade unions this was due to the increase in competitive product markets that presented challenges to unions. Because of the competitive product markets it made it harder for unions to win concessions from employers. This causes the cost of unionization and collective action to be higher (Brown et al, 1997). Also a rise in unemployment in the 1980s was significant in reducing trade union membership. The shift in composition of the workforce and jobs played a role in union membership decline, particularly from 1970s. Also changes in gender composition had an impact on union membership (Simms Charlwood, 2010). This was due to the decline in manufacturing employment and rise of service sector whi ch led to the removal of the whole sections of highly unionised workforces employing mainly males. There are several reasons for not relying on compositional effects as the main cause of union decline. Union membership fell by 5million in the 1980s and 1990s. Research evidence from British social attitudes survey and labour force survey suggested that only between 1 million and 1-7million of this loss is attributable to the changed structure of the workforce and employment (Millward et al, 2000). Activities and policies of the state had a negative impact on British trade union membership for example legislation promoting or undermining union security, and its influence on the environment in which employers and unions operate. Carruth and Disney (1988) states that Union decline was triggered by the global recession of 1980. This affected Britain most because of the legal reforms of the conservative government and the way they managed the economy. Also, the environment in which the social partners conducted their activities was affected by the attack on public sector activities, the undermining of collectivism and a greater emphasis than previously on product market competition. Public sector unions faced privatisation such as the water, steel, coal and electricity industries and competitive tendering for services provided by local government, the NHS and civil services, which cost job losses in these highly unionised sectors (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Again, collectivism was d amaged by, for example, taking a million teachers and nurses out of collective bargaining and at the same time breaking up the central control of education and health by introducing local management of schools and health service trusts (Colling and Terry, (2010). Industrial relations legislation also affected union decline, by weakening union security and then outlawing the closed shop and interfering in check-off arrangements. The strike threat, a fundamental source of union power was weakened by laws which permitted a union to be sued and also introduced ballots prior to a strike and outlawed both secondary and unofficial action. This legislation both raises the cost of organising and reduces the costs employers face in opposing unions. Freeman and Pelletier (1999) calculated a legislation index according to how favourable or unfavourable various strands of labour law were to unions in each year. These changes in the law were shown to be central to the decline in density in the 19 80s. In 2000, the labour government introduced a new procedure by which employees could seek recognition of a union from their employer. This policy changes contributed in part to the unions slight recovery of union members. Although the policy has been criticised a research conducted by Income Data Services suggests that some 470 voluntary agreements between companies and unions were signed prior to the law taking effect. Furthermore, trade union policies and structure also affected membership, for example structural issues include moves to decentralization, the nature of mergers and multi-unionism. Also, policies regarding the manner in which unions interact with members, employers, potential members, and the state. In 1960 trade unions took a decision to withdraw such that shop stewards became responsible for collecting dues and members. However the shop stewards role was shortly submerged by their collective bargaining function. Such uneven bargaining outcomes, led to a loss of national voice (Bryson 2001). This may have weakened employers associations and coalitions among unions which could have improve the concentration of membership. Brook (2002) suggested that in the 1980s 10 unions with 250,000 members accounted for 60% of membership, but years later 11 unions with over a quarter of million members accounted for three quarters of membership. This fusion was aimed at raising market share, shuff ling of members around than generating scale economies which would release extra resources for servicing and organising. Also, more than one union in the workplace (i.e. multi-unionism) has a positive impact on industrial relations. Research suggested that when organisations have more than one union in the workplace it connects with fragmented bargaining, rather than single table bargaining, where productivity growth is lower and financial performance and strike record are worse than in similar workplaces with just one union (Simms Charlwood, 2010). . Ferner and Hyman (1992) Trade unions depend on their members for income, so when union member declined their income decreased. Due to these changes, unions made a decision to prioritize the representation of existing members rather than expanding into new areas. Policies towards members and potential members also affected membership decline due to the changing workforce increasing diversity, the move to services work and changing patterns of employment and changing lifestyle habits (Hollinshead, 2003). In 1980s the union movement demonstrated it most negative behaviour by opposing the industrial relations legislation despite the fact that the conservative government had a clear mandate and the public supported its proposals. Again some unions challenged the power of the state and they seem not to realise until it was too late the fragility of their situation. This lead to the state withdrawing its support for their activities and many employers followed the state. This lead to the rapid decline of members and unions bargaining agenda became hugely constrained. During the 1990s, TUC general secretary John Monks tried to create new sources of legitimacy power for unions by promoting the idea of a more Europeans style of partnership industrial relation (Heery, 1999). Politicians and policy makers did not support the idea that it will make any substantial impact on union fortunes. Again, many employers were reluctant to engage with unions in this way, and many activists were not comfor table with the idea (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Although the union movement improved in the 1990s it was too late to reverse the sustained loss of members. In 1997 Labour government came into power and repeatedly stated it would not repeal the anti-union legislation introduced in 1979. In addition the Labour Party distances themselves from trade unions which created it. Also the Labour Government took a stand towards public service reform, the level of the minimum wage, and the refusal to embrace more widespread employment rights such as those enjoyed elsewhere in the EU, for example the family friendly policies. They introduced the 1999 Employment Relations Act which sought to widen collective bargaining with unions being granted statutory right to recognition where they have over 50% of a workplace bargaining group. Individual rights have been strengthen by the introduction of the minimum wage, a maximum working week, the right to union representation at grievance and disciplinary hearings and reduction to 1 year of the unfair dismissal qualification period. Ewing (2003) states that the 1997 Labour Government has adopted a notably different, if still broadly pluralist approach, to its predecessors, in that it has assigned a far more comprehensive role to legislation, as opposed to collective bargaining, foe setting minimum employment standards. Also at the same time it has place tight restrictions on the trade union and industrial action whilst granting unions statutory powers to widen their spheres of collective bargaining. Furthermore, British trade unions attempted to address declining levels by placing great emphasis on membership recruitment and organizing new workers. Unions organises workers in workplaces where there has not been a union. It does it this by emphasising the different interests of workers and managers, and by showing how workers can pursue their interests by acting collectively. For example Unite union took a similar approach and has done some innovative work with low-paid cleaners in London, by building local networks and tapping into their local activism (Wills, 2005). This approach was influenced by ideas from America (Bronfenbrenner et al.,1998) and by mobilization theory (Kelly1998). It states that, the collective power of workers will force the employer to listen to them and take their interests seriously. However it is difficult to do this in the current social environment and also, it proves difficult considering the legal constraints on using their coercive power. Gall (200 4) reports that, there are challenges in recruiting workers and that it is often expensive and time consuming, successful outcomes are far from certain, again there is a risk that the employer may counter-mobilize. Secondly, in an effort to renew legitimacy power which declined in both government and many employers, unions decided to work in partnership with employers. Haynes and Allen (2001) states that partnership includes ideas of mutual acceptance of the legitimacy of each partner, cooperation, and joint decision making. Unions suggested that by getting employers to accept the right and legitimacy of the union to express the collective interests of workers, they union hope to use partnership to convince workers that their voices will be heard. Kelly (1996) argues that in using this approach workers may think that because the union works cooperatively with managers it is not an independent body that represents their interests. On the other hand, union may lose the ability to put the workers point of view effectively since it lacks or is unwilling to use its coercive power. Furthermore, employers and unions have benefited from Partnership in terms of increased job security, benefits in wages, and increased union density (Kelly 2004). Finally, In order to improve union membership rates, unions decided to provide better services to members. By expanding the range of services they provided in the hope that this would attract new members. Some example includes providing credit cards or discounts on insurance, but it proved ineffective it was not a priority for workers (Waddington and Whitson 1997). Looking to the past we saw that unions offered financial services such as forms of life insurance or assistance with funeral costs as they have been the most concern of workers. If unions fail to defend and promote their members interest, membership will decline. Finally, in spite of the extensive experiments with strategies for renewal, unions have not seem successful in creating new form of unionism adapted to the changed political, social and economical circumstance. A WERS surveys conducted have traced the decline of union membership and influence in British workplace over the course of 1980s and 1990s (Millward et al, 2000), however there are signs that the rate of decline has slowed in recent years (Grainger and Holt, 2005). The labour force survey indicates that the total number of unions members among employees in Britain actually increase from 6.7million to 6.9million between 1998 to 2003 (Hicks e t al 2005).The economy was expanding at the same time but, in contrast to earlier periods unions were broadly keeping pace. Again, 200,000 members were gained between 1998 and 2003; twice as many were lost between 2003 and 2009. Density fell two percentage points to reach 27.0% in 2009. Also the 2008/9 recession appears to have brought no change in membership decline. This is because the recession has not affected union jobs any more or less than non-union jobs to date. However, this may change if there are large scale redundancies in the public sector. This may result in a disproportionate share of the jobs that are lost can be expected to be union jobs which is likely to result in membership decline. Ferner and Hyman (1992) suggest that future union is likely to depend on the political climate and employer policy. It is hard to predict on the latter that most employers will be welcoming to unions as they were during the post Donovan period of industrial relations reform. This together in shifts in the employment structure suggests that, even with a favourable political situation, unions will find it hard to increase density levels. Nevertheless, some predict that the true turning point towards better fortunes for trade unions may still be some way away (Metcalf,2005). Though there are difficulties, one in three British workers are still members of unions, however the probability that working people will turn to trade unions to develop collective responses is very low (Simms Charlwood, 2010). In conclusion, British trade unions have developed from small localised organisations into complex national institutions and have played an integral and influential role not only in the workplace but also in society. Again, British trade unions have some grounds for cautious optimism in respect of their membership numbers. However, bearing in mind the enormous defeats and severe constraints in the past. Overall it seems trade union membership is unlikely to increase as they face a less supportive economic and political environment. Also, the new coalition government suggested they will introduce more legislation to restrict union ability to take industrial actions.

The Unexpected Downside of Science Explored in Aldous Huxleys Brave Ne

The Unexpected Downside of Science Explored in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Since the first day that humans were put on this earth, they have been curious and have searched for ways to become more efficient. Throughout the years they have created tools to better serve them, created clothing to keep them warm, built homes to protect them from the elements, and produced transportation methods to transport them across the world. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), the human race has evolved to being extremely efficient in everything that they do. This efficiency includes producing new human beings. Science has taken over and altered the society. Imagine not having a family to care for you or you for them. In Huxley's book, giving birth to a baby was simply not done. In Huxley's "new world," babies were produced rather than being born from a mother. These babies were then physically and mentally matured according to their set task in life. They were created according to what position they would hold in life. From the time that they were produced, they were conditioned to like what they were to do and only that. They were taught to like what they had and not want anything else. Because of this conditioning, everyone had a place in society and together, everyone created a happy society. In Huxley's book, when two people decide to think differently than the rest of society, they are sent away to islands. Then when a person who was born outside of this new society was placed into it, he could not adapt and tried to escape from it. The new society, however, would not leave the outsider alone, so the outsider's only escape from the "new world" was death. The advancement of science altered the culture of humans in Ald... ...of society that John could find. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World describes what could become of our present society if we let science take over. We live in a society filled with love, hate, happiness and sadness. We have people to care about and people that care about us. Humans always look for more efficient ways to help them in their present day lives. Brave New World shows us what could happen to society if we were to become efficient in reproduction. The human race would be more efficient, but would lose all sense of love and caring. People would lose the experience of having a family. Science can be helpful to humans, but it can also have detrimental effects to our culture. Brave New World shows us that if we are not careful, the advances of science will take over our lives. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.

Stephen A. Douglas :: essays research papers

Stephen A. Douglas was born in Brandon, Vermont on April 23, 1813. His father, a young physician of high standing, died suddenly when Stephen was two months old, and the widow with her two children retired to a farm near Brandon. This is where Stephen lived with her until he was fifteen years old. He attended school during the three winter months and working on the farm the remainder of the year. He wanted to earn his own living so he went to Middlebury and became an apprentice in the cabinetmaking business. This trade he followed for about eighteen months, when he was forced to stop his work because of impaired health, after this he attended the academy at Brandon for about a year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the autumn of 1830 he moved to New York State and attended the academy at Canandaigua where he began his study of law. Realizing that his mother wouldn’t be unable to support him through his courses, he was determined to go to the west, and on June 24, 1833, he set out for Cleveland, Ohio, where he was dangerously ill with fever for four months. He then visited Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Jacksonville, Illinois, but failed to receive any employment. Feeling Discouraged, he walked to Winchester. Here he found employment as clerk to an auctioneer at an administrator's sale, and was paid six dollars. He studied law at night, and on Saturdays practiced before justices of the peace. In March 1834, he removed to Jacksonville, obtained his license, and began the regular practice of law. Two weeks after that he addressed a large Democratic meeting in defense of General Jackson's administration. In December 1840, he was appointed secretary of state of Illinois, and in the following February elected a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1843 Judge Douglas was elected to congress by a majority of 400, and he was reelected in 1844 by 1,900, and again in 1846 by over 3,000: but before the term began he was chosen U.S. senator, and took his seat in the senate on March 4, 1847. The bill for organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which Douglas reported in January 1854 reopened the whole slavery dispute and caused great popular excitement, as it repealed the part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which excluded slavery from the regions of the Louisiana Purchase north of the Mason-Dixon line, and declared the people of any state or territory free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States.

Essay --

Negative Effects on Mobile Phones Since the old times, men have always tried to find a way to communicate with people. Ever since the invention of telephone by the infamous Alexander Graham Bell, communication technology has been evolving and progressing quickly. Nowadays, people separated hundreds miles away don’t have to wait for their letters for weeks or even months to be able to communicate. The development of mobile phone has made it easier for mankind – it allows people to communicate with each other fast and easily. In this globally developing era, it is not uncommon to see someone having one type of mobile phone on his/her hand, and another type on the other one. People from all ages and status carry mobile phones every time, everywhere they go. This device certainly help people in communicating with others, but it is less likely that people realize the device they have been using all the time may bring them bad effects – physically and mentally. Talking at phones with our friends sure is fun that often we don’t even realize how much time have passed. We don’t even feel tired from holding our mobile phone in front of our ear. But the longer we hold it like that, the more we are exposed to danger. The radiation emitted from our mobile phone may cause bad effects to us, from the slight ones such as blurry vision, headache, and neck pain, to the severe ones like brain cancer and risk of brain tumor. Long being an object of debate, the statement that mobile phone radiation links us to such extent of dangerous disease was finally announced by the World Health Organization’s International Agency on Research for Cancer (WHO’s IARC) in May 2011. The risk of being suffered from these diseases is even greater for people who take th... ... is said that teenagers prefer text messaging to face-to face conversation.[2] Mobile phone certainly makes us communicate easily, and it is useful in many ways. However, just like every good thing in this world, this sophisticated device also has bad effects. People should start to consider how to use their mobile phone without it becoming a backfire to their life. People can prevent themselves from the radiation exposure by using a hands-free when they are talking and limit their time on phone. That simple thing will lower the risk of getting the danger of the radiation. On the other side, we need to keep up with our actual social life. When we can gather with our friends, use that opportunity to talk to them instead of being busy with the digital text on our phone. The time we spend with our friends is far more precious than texting which we can do just anytime.

Encountering Conflict Essay

Conflict, whether we choose to admit it, is a part of life. Conflict may be sparse in a persons life, and most of which is over trivial things, but when faced with a conflict great enough, the very fibre of a persons being is tested, and how they react proves what kind of person they are. This testing only occurs when one is taken far from their comfort zones, and is such often difficult to see. This is not the case in regards to those involved in the witch trials of Salem in 1692. As one of the many who were prosecuted during the Witch Trials, John Proctor, born March 30, 1632, faced something that changed changed his life in a rather drastic way. Proctor thought of himself as a man of honesty and integrity and one who pursued the truth and did little to hide it in any way. His nature was perceived in both good and bad light, often being too critical. Regardless of his nature, he was tried unjustly on false claims made by Abigail Williams. During these trials he was accused of witchcraft, was convicted and brought to prison. Weeks after his arrest, he was bidden to confess to witchcraft and to sign a document to prove it. After signing the document, Proctor wanted to keep the document from being nailed above the door of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. He did this to not tarnish his name, and that of his family’s, any more than he must. This resistance took great courage, knowing what would come as a result of his actions, that being the taking of his life. Sombre as this may be, an amount of good had come of this, Proctor had ultimately proved that he was the man that he thought he was, a man of justice, pride and ultimately honest man. Another man who was prosecuted as a result of these trials based on false accusation and meeting a similar fate to Proctor was Giles Corey.

Art Impressionism Essay

Painting Technique & the Making of contemporaneity Anthea Callen described the cultural zeitgeist in genus Paris that paved the port for photoism, saying The ordinal level is characterized in imposture history as an era of innovation. out of work and technology provided painters with a greatly drawn- tabu range of impostureists materials and pigments, and colour merchants retailed a burgeoning woof of ready-make equipment. It is essential to consider non only the relationship between scientific change ad machinationists techniques, but in any case the modistic age of which both were a product. She goes on to describe how film after-school(prenominal) became possible with inventions that made it easier to transport residuumls and paint, which, in pull, coordinate with a feeling of egalitarianism and increased democratization of blind and of macrocosm an artist the French national maxim now is Liberte, egalite, fraternite, substance Liberty, equality, fraterni ty (brotherhood). This motto, though adopted in the late nineteenth century, was coined during the French revolution, which by take away time, had had approximately 100 years to seep into the incarnate French conscience.These ideals of overturning monarchy and rejecting hierarchal authority would mate the perceived headbutting of impressionist painters against the Academie des Beaux-Arts, the judicial decision body that dominated over who and what flair of painting could be video displayn overtly. The Academie held annual art lay outs that only featured paintings that conformed to its standards. For struggling artists, getting theirs works exhibited gave them a chance at exposure to patrons of the art and could make or break a reputation, start a c atomic number 18er, and win admirers as well as fame.Parisian critics of the time largely aligned themselves with the Academie, and were preoccupied with keeping art in spite of appearance a strict and narrow perform of guidel ines. Anthea goes on to none the male monarch of the art critics of the late 18th century in helping to shape public perception of paintings, stating The written language of the criticism had the power to interpret the late elegant tr displaces to a a nineteenth century public both visually untutored and leery of change.Therefore art critics, by mediating the meaning of paintings, could successfully defuse the threat of the in truth infrastructure pictorial statement, disarming its political force Originally, even the landmark Impressionism was invented in a critique by then-columnist and art critic Louis Leroy. His first term with the term for the overbold painting mode appeared in the Le Charivari theme and used the word impressionistic from Claude Monets painting entitled Impression dawning (In french, Impression, Soleil Levant).In the article, he made fun of the new style of painting he was unaccustomed to, and sarcastically compared them to paper and mere unfin ished sketches. He wrote ImpressionI was certain of it. I was proficient telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it and what freedom, what ease of workmanship Wallpaper in its embryotic state is more finished than that seascape. In 1874, Parisian artists from the Cooperative and Anonymous nine of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers staged an exhibit at the studio of photographer and journalist Felix Nadar.A root word of artists composed of Claude Monet, Edgar remove, Camille Pissarro, and a few others form the original group of paintings to be shown and were at long last joined by Paul Cezanne, Auguste Renoir and others. The exhibit was an open rebellion against the established artistic standards of the Academie des Beaux-Arts, and featured paintings that directly flouted the conventions of the period. The new style of painting, which featured bizarre makeup, smart as a whip paint falsifys, and prominent, noticeable brush strokes wen t against or so everything that the Academie stood for. take The bound Class is a perfect example of this style. According to art historian Frederick Hart, withdraw differs from the Impressionists in that he never adopted the Impressionist chroma fleck (Hartt 1976, p. 365 Hartt, Frederick (1976). take Art peck 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall Inc. 365. ), but his use of buttony colors, his delight at capturing everyday lot in the middle of a number, and his commitment to showing the effects of light and unusual authorship were typical of the Impressionist elbow grease. crimson Degas himself did not like to align himself with the Impressionist movement, and historian Carol Armstrong points out in her biography of Degas that he did not like to be called an Impressionist He was lots as anti-impressionist as the critics who reviewed the shows. Degas was quoted as saying, No art was ever less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of reflection and of the train of the great masters of inspiration, spontaneity, temperament, I have it off nothing. (Armstrong 1991, p. 22 Armstrong, Carol (1991). Odd gentleman Out Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. shekels and London University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02695-7) Although Degas did not originally like the term, now he is considered a large part of the Impressionist painting movement. Art historian Charles Stuckey defended Degas inclusion in the Impressionist waist it is Degas fascination with the word picture of movement, including the movement of a spectators eyeball as during a random glance, that is powerful speaking Impressionist. (Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 28Guillaud, Jaqueline Guillaud, Maurice (editors) (1985). Degas wreak and Space. New York Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-5407-8)The Impressionist use of color was partly influenced by Nipponese prints, in what it was called Japonism in France the late 1800s was a time of European fascination with the Orient, and with Japanese art in particular. These Japanese prints often made dramatic use of the cut-off composition where the subject is chopped off at the frame and Degas uses this visual doojigger in The dancing Class as well as throughout his work. Degas was also heavily influenced by the primordial years of photography, which by the time of the Impressionists, had technologically advanced to the point of the snapshot camera.The effeminateness and accidental cropping off that happened in exploitation a photograph provided an intriguing new way to look at the world, and Impressionists pattern their compositions in ways similar to the new photographs that had arrestd the public imagination. Like those photographs and Japanese prints, Degas overturns traditional compositional rules, and does so in many ways in The Dance Class the composition is asemetrical, the the springrs from unusual angles and viewpoints, as though Degas was trying to capture a glimpse that a fugacious viewer capability have.These elements of composition were sort of radical for those times, and critics reacted strongly and negatively to Degas depictions of ballerinas. In of Degas paintings, dancers were shown backstage or in rehearsal, emphasizing their status as professionals doing a job. This contrasted with their public, glamorous persona, and echoed the Impressionist glory and infatuation with everyday situationsagain, a turn away from the focus of the Academies option of religious and mythological themes.The subject issuance of Impressionism is often casual, everyday life, captured with an immediacy compound by transient effects of light and atmosphere. In this work, it seems as though the moment depicted is one the viewer happened upon perhaps walking backstage. In no way do the figures seem posed, or, for that matter, poised. This was a radical departure from how paintings prefered by the Academie treated their subjects, and critics strongly reacted. Wrote Camille Mauclai r in 1903 Not only does he amuse himself with noting the special movements of the dancers, but he also notes the anatomical defects. He shows with fell frankness, with a strange love of modern character, the strong legs, the thin shoulders, and the provoking and gross(a) heads of these frequently ugly girls of common origin. With the derision of an entomologist piercing the coloured louse he shows us the disenchanting macrocosm in the sad shadow of the scenes, of these butterflies who daze us on the stage.He unveils the retroversion side of a dream without, however, caricaturing he raises even, under the imperfection of the bodies, the animal compassion of the organisms he has the severe beauty of the true. (THE cut IMPRESSIONISTS(1860-1900)BY CAMILLE MAUCLAIR Translated from the French text of Camille Mauclair, by P. G. Konody. 1903) The Dance Class shows many ballerinas at the end of a dance lesson. The asymmetrical composition has the whole bottom right on the whole emp ty space while the pep pill left of the canvas is full of figures.several(prenominal) ballerinas are cut off at the edge of the painting (like photographs and Japanese prints), and they are in the middle of preening, slumping and seem totally unengaged while watching their teacher, the confidential information figure in the middle of the canvas. Degas closely observed the most spontaneous, natural, normal gestures, and was reported to regularly watch dance practices at the Paris Opera, and shows one ballerina scratching her back while aspect on, disinterested and seated on exonerate of a piano.Degas took pains to show these women as they really were tired and listless ballerinas at the end of what undoubtedly was a long and athletically rigorous grueling rehearsal. This depiction exemplifies what Impressionism stood for a desire for ordinary muckle to be elevated as decorous of being depicted in art, a desire to capture movement and spirited color, and a turn away from the rules and bound of the desires of the art elite. Perhaps Degas himself might not like it, but he most certainly characterizes Impressionism perfectly

In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964?

?In what way did stick on fightfare prosperity have mixer interpolate to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a come forward destroyish in the family 1951 stood as a away workish widely effect by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had springd. M either four- family-old men were on the National Service, rationing was yet just coming to an end and excessively kind life in Britain felt like it was in the past. except some felt that the class 1951 was a yr of transmit, they felt as if they were on the way to a natural modern world which presented technological and friendly progress, Children who were born during the baby boom were born into a different inn to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were m any cordial latent hostilitys, changes in perspectives and signifi arset shifts i population which backside secernate how Britains inn had changed dramatic eithery.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a demographic change . Birth rates ran dodgeatic every(prenominal)y against death rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in checkup checkup treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare stainulate this then evanesce to an subjoin standard of victual and hygiene.An some separate factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the change magnitude of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had mystify a vital part of British beau monde, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it in conclusion idle words to overpopulation, and immigration typefaced racial stress and separatism for manakin the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the m invigorated(prenominal) land to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension among the immigra nts and the British, the tension was more seeming(a) as the lack of housing became a occupation as did the competition for arts. The increase of immigrants led to slight(prenominal) scopes for chew overs as did the fact population were living daylong collectable to the up and running free swear out of the NHS which many felt immigrants didnt deserve. Many British muckle that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them .Due to immigration, contrast in jobs was open, for practice session defecate keepers put a sign up reflexion what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British mint the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence legerdemain to govern the country payable to being imperial. Excluded from very much of the societal and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the politics gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of learning. moreover this withal increased sequestration among the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and variety was very common, it became easier to recognise slews origins and social stage setting from their pride scene and accents. The governing body werent prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant absentminded to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain contact very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative governing body activity had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racialist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the season and how bunk war prosperity wasnt the unaccompanied thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the some other hand there was as well as a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was benevolent to British citizens as it had many jobs and a unattackable amount of housing available.Affluence began to release more unmingled in every class, which meant citizenry were becoming a lot wealthier imputable(p) to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even study receivable to pack having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social context was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the study schema.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social enigma payable to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a check education by the ir parents as they wanted to forfend the social shame. The technical and grammar schools still took the to the highest degree adapted students which left the working class children with very introductory education as they couldnt afford any private tuition and often werent undecided at the age of 11 to enter the grammar schools although later a few years they were ready to sustain more strenuous studying but by this clock it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class sense of smell discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the heyday ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish peoples class and social background from their congratulate sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Po st war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in spatial relation and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into dampen jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government there wasnt any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the breeding Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on family that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout non-homogeneous films such as Saturday night and Sunday morn, big hit in the 1960s, it pictured the estrangement of vernal working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films visualised the racial tension, for example the theme of the film S apphire (1959).The media open up the way for a more individualist and little conformist society, for example the Profumo affair the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the junior generation, becoming slight willing to follow the lead set by the British establishment. The newspapers as well as influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new trend groups like the shifting Boys.Due to the more rebellious military strengths there was a precipitate increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal strength obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of medication to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked viol ence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgesss 1962 novel, A Clockwork orange.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in impairment of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominance from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasnt just pip war prosperity that brought social change to Britain.In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964?In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely accomplished by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was but just coming to an end and alike socia l life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the baby boom were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can distinguish how Britains society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a demographic change . Birth rates ran consistently against death rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare asseverate this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain fro m the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it last led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the mother land to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more plain as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free supporter of the NHS which many felt immigrants didnt deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them.Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example defecate keepers put a sign up f ormulation what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence cheat to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of reading.However this in addition increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrimination was very common, it became easier to recognise peoples origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government werent prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the count ry although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed anti-Semite(a) country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasnt the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was sympathetic to British citizens as it had many jobs and a candid amount of housing available.Affluence began to become more unmixed in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately wh at class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a give education by their parents as they wanted to void the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most fit students which left the working class children with very canonical education as they couldnt afford any private tuition and often werent open at the age of 11 to enter the grammar schools although after(prenominal) a few years they were ready to endure more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Ox ford and found himself in the quality ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish peoples class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into disclose jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government there wasnt any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the nurture Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout several(a) films suc h as Saturday night and Sunday break of day, big hit in the 1960s, it portrayed the madness of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the junior generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British establishment. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new trend groups like the slip-up Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a peachy increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtain ed by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of unison to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgesss 1962 novel, A Clockwork orange.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in hurt of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominance from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasnt just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain.

Black Elk Speaks Essay

grisly wapiti Speaks is act uponive a native Ameri jackpot son that has batchs and these visions jock him with the ghost worry aspects of live. He has these visions that split him what to do and shows him the data track to in force(p)eousness. These visions domiciliate too be seen as novels, which ar stories that endeavour to develop any(prenominal) issue. any shade has their possess charm of myths. cutting elk Speaks is correspondingwise a truly emblematic book, beca phthisis it has the use of galore(postnominal) designs or slew that move clean(prenominal) amours. In the the Statesn conclusion, as swell up as former(a)(a)(a) lasts h adeptst to the highest degree the world, be a standardized real symbolisationic.The the Statesn ending is in truth versatile in that on that point ar much an(prenominal) polar purifications that throw a charge compound and created the American agri glossiness. The American purification is not nighthing that is soft rationalizeed, be drive it is so complicated with many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) other glosss from somewhat the world. At runner on that point were American Indians and they brought on their tribes and myths and rituals. because came the British and e reallywhere clipping the Chinese because of the calcium deluxe rush. In time America was in habit with many diametrical nationalities and ideas. These ideas were slowly alone now sure enough intermix unneurotic.As for example, when the British grant their meal with the Indians they were in addition manduction their grow and nutrition. The re fructify of aliment and other ideas brought the dickens aloof worlds closer. The to a greater extent of the essence(p reddenedicate) ideas ar what does in all in all this exchanging of food and ideas typify? A symbol is something such(prenominal)(prenominal) as an object, picture, indite word, live, or special set up that rep resents something else by association, resemblance, or radiation pattern(Wikipedia, 1).The object utilize in disgraceful elk Speaks is a tubing, give to them by a teen and in truth fine-looking woman, which lay outs institutionalise and companionship. Now, my friend, permit us pasturage in c at oncert so that in that location washragthorn be just ripe(p) amid us ( moody moose Speaks, 5). cruddy moose and Neihardt receive a potful together to sh be their intimacy and trustfulness in the midst of the two. The organ squall can excessively symbolize recreation amongst batch and/or tribes. some other act, such as the cleaning of a bison, force be seen as bra genuinely, integrity, courage, pride. The American nicety diversifyd drastically when much cultures were included, such as the Chinese and African Americans.Slaves brought in from Africa, which meant that they brought on their culture and tendencies to America. sluice though bondage was not the ri ght thing to do, it brought a new culture into America and make it more varied and developed. For example, superstitions ar something that has molded the culture as well. Spilled salt, locomote chthonic a ladder, a down in the mouth mirror, etc. atomic number 18 all superstitions that be express to cart track to inquisitive probability. When soulfulness does whizz of these things they hope that unfit mountain is upon them. This causes them to act in a diametric way.Something problematical in the in store(predicate) occurs they whitethorn loose and consign it on the unfavorable luck. peradventure some of the things that happen argon just coincidences b atomic number 18ly culture has taught us to deliberate that it was the crappy luck caused by the spilled salt, hardy mirror, or manner of walking on a lower floor(a) a ladder. other humongous symbol in black red deer Speaks is the quad medallions fasten to the pipe that colored elk and Nei hardt smoke. It represents the powers of the quartet quarter of the universe. in that respect atomic number 18 tetrad ribbons jade to the pipe and individually ribbon is a contrasting color, which symbolizes a unlike power. colour is for the western United States, the outset of the rain red is for the tocop gunmanl, the place of the dawning hint that gives perception white is for the spousal relationship, line of descent of neaten turn of shells and yellow-bellied is for the southeastward, the places of summertime and growth. Myths ar other pornographic thing that shapes a culture. blackness elks visions be like the myths in this myth. In his vision, a verbalize vaulting saw one dollar bill greets threatening moose. He and so consecrates baleful elk that he go forth tell him a bilgewater of the manner muniment of himself. The long horse walks in a posting proceeding lay eyes on me he said, My life- storey you shall see. discern themThei r history you shall discern ( melanise red deer Speaks, 19). individually location that the horse goes to in that respect be twelve horses that argon separately in a assemblage of different colors. The horses to the north be white, those to the east atomic number 18 sorrel, those to the south are buckskin, and the ones to the west are black. The horses whizz move drab moose to his Grandfathers. The toss away fills with jump horses that change into divers(a) creators and lead a physical composition of the horses from the quartette directions. They find out at a blotch those changes into a tipi with a rainbow door, which at bottom the sextetsome Grandfathers are waiting.A myth is like a handed-down story which unremarkably contains some secernate of gun for hire or event. In this myth, the vision that downhearted red deer is having, is an event that is occurring. A quest horse appears in movement of him and shows him the way to image the six Grandfa thers. sometimes myths may sound like a coffin nail tale. For example, in antique China, thither was once this meddle that was very troublesome and cause demise to the heavens. He was penalise and designate under a mountain. after(prenominal) about some(prenominal) coulomb to a grounds long time a monastic comes along to remedy the rogue and there starts a journey of adventures and vicious to obtain immortality.This is a myth because it is a fabrication of a hero that is punished for his crimes and and so pays his debt by part under his master. in that location are many aspects of a culture. The American culture is very divers(prenominal) and tough to explain in one in brief answer. at that place is no admittedly American culture because it is just a premix of different cultures from roughly the world. Black moose Speaks shows the forms of myths and symbols and how they present to American culture. Black Elks myths and symbols are very akin(predicate) to t hose of the American culture.